People from the Western world often do not appreciate the extent to which the conflict between Church and State which led to the separation of both institutions, and the emergence of secularism in Western culture is a unique feature of their history.
Conflict is a universal feature of social and political life. Conflict between Church and State is therefore also universal. But the particulars of the phenomenon in Western civilization, leading to the separation of both institutions and final emergence of secularism, is so unique that we need to take a closer look to explain how and why such rift occurred in Western history.
The conflict between Church and State, in Western cultural history, has its roots in the innate incompatibility of Christianity, in its Judaic roots, with secularism. All traditional societies maintain a secular outlook to life, side by side with public ritual ceremonial celebrations of the private spiritual dispositions of individuals to the sacred. The sacred and profane aspects of social life observe culturally defined boundaries of their exclusive domain in the fluidity of intrusive interaction with each other. In most traditional societies the boundaries are usually not explicitly stated but are commonly recognized and observed.
The common “Judeo-Islamic” group of Semitic religions, from which Christianity arose, and with which it shares salient dispositional traits, does not acknowledge such boundaries. Thus, in the context of a non-Semitic culture, with its insistence on the duality of secular-public and sacred-private aspects of life, Christianity, in its insistence on the unlimited influence and reach of religion in social life, was bound to violate, in the long term, the values of a non-Semitic culture.

